#Deaf #community #culture #history #gallaudet #university #1988 #student #protests #DeafPresidentNow #oralism #AlexanderGrahamBell #eugenics #PlantationMentality #DeafAndDumb #DeafPrideMovement #JaneSpilman

[Need to get caught up on the entire saga of me learning American Sign Language (ASL) and getting involved in the Chicago Deaf community this year? The complete set of links is at the bottom of the page.]

One of the things I'm most grateful for with this Deaf studies journal I've been maintaining this year is how many hearing people I've now heard from, thanking me for illuminating them to the complex, often infuriating events that have happened over the last two centuries of the Deaf in America, most of which have come as complete surprises to them. I agree, I too had no idea most of these things had happened until starting to study Deaf history; and if you want to understand the one most crucial event that has come to define the modern Deaf community in 2019, then you need to understand the “Deaf President Now!” (DPN) student protests that happened on the campus of the all-deaf Gallaudet University in Washington DC in March, 1988.

I actually just read a book devoted entirely to the subject, written back in the mid-1990s by John Christiansen and Sharon Barnartt; but my review of it over at Goodreads was getting so long, I decided to just repackage the entire thing as an essay for the general public and post it here. And the reason it's so long is that we have to go back and look at an entire century of Deaf history before we can understand why this particular week in 1988 was so important; so strap in and get ready for a fascinating ride...

The first crucial thing to understand about all this is that for an entire hundred years, literally from the 1870s to 1970s, American Sign Language (ASL) was actually banned from most deaf schools, in favor of the “oralist” school of thought which argued that it's actually much better for deaf people to learn how to speak and read lips, because this way they can integrate back into “normal” society after they've done so, much more than learning a special language that only they and their friends can understand. There are various arguments that were used over those decades for why “manualism” (sign language) is inferior and shouldn't be taught — it's not a real language but only pantomime, the deaf ghettoize themselves by using it, it's an insult against God because the Bible says that the difference between humans and animals is our ability to speak, etc etc — but what it really boiled down to is that the oralism proponents had more money and more famous people on their side, led by the unceasing efforts of Victorian Era superstars Alexander Graham Bell and Horace Mann, which is how they came to dominate the conversation all the way up to the countercultural revolutions of the 1960s and '70s.

But there's one huge problem with this, which is that oralism simply doesn't work; decades of studies have proven over and over that even the most adept lip-reader (almost always someone who still has a little hearing) only comprehends 30 percent of a spoken conversation, while most Deaf people never learn how to lip-read at all, because it's such a tricky endeavor that's almost destined to fail from the start. (For one famous example, the letters “m,” “b” and “p” are made with the exact same lip movement, making it impossible to know if a person is saying “mat,” “bat” or “pat” just by looking at their face.) But this being the Victorian Age, instead of seeing these results and concluding that their theories were wrong, oralist proponents instead concluded that most deaf people must be failing at lip-reading because they're mentally retarded, that in fact mental retardation is a natural and related side effect of hearing loss, which is how we get the now shameful and grossly outdated term “deaf and dumb” from those years. (Oralists also believed in several other quack-like medical theories that have since been disproven, such as eugenics — Alexander Graham Bell in particular tried to get Congress to pass a law banning deaf people from “breeding” with other deaf people, in that he believed that in 100 percent of all cases, this would lead to a deaf baby, a theory already being disproven even in his lifetime.)

So armed with all this, what developed within the world of hearing people overseeing deaf institutions was a culture that they considered benignly benevolent, but that we have since come to refer to by the term “plantation mentality,” named after the attitude that white plantation owners used to have towards their black slaves in the years before the Civil War; they sincerely believed they loved them, but in reality they “loved” them like one would love a pack of animals, considering them too stupid and feral to ever be able to make good decisions on their own, and thus it being the plantation owner's “burden” to make these decisions on their behalf, even if the sweet dumb creatures in question couldn't understand this and reacted badly to the decisions they made. (In fact, you can still see this attitude in the dean of the deaf high school in the movie Children of a Lesser God, released only two years before the DPN protests.) And thus was it that all the way until the 1960s, most deaf schools were run by an entirely hearing executive board, staffed almost entirely by hearing teachers, and with dorms maintained by almost entirely hearing house-parents, many of whom were notoriously cruel in the style of prison guards, precisely because they had been taught that the deaf children under their care were little more than wild animals and needed to be treated as such.

This all started changing during the countercultural era, as an underground but growing “Deaf pride movement” was established in the same years as the similar “gay pride,” “black power,” and “women's lib” movements; and by the 1980s small but steady strides had been made in hiring more Deaf teachers, getting more Deaf students into PhD programs, getting ASL better acknowledged as a legitimate language, and in general establishing the “Deaf community” with a capital “D” to begin with. (For those who don't know, a “deaf” person is simply someone with hearing loss, while a “Deaf” person is someone who defines themselves through their hearing loss, doesn't consider it a disability, is fluent in ASL, and is actively involved in the community.) And so when Gallaudet's sixth president abruptly resigned in January 1988 to enter the private sector, many in the Deaf community thought this was a perfect opportunity for the school to finally hire its first Deaf president, and to send a powerful message to the nation that Deaf people aren't retarded, that they don't need hearing “superiors” to take care of them, and in fact they can do anything a hearing person can do except hear (a phrase that was to become famous during the protests, and has since gone on to be a defining statement of the modern Deaf community).

One of the things I learned from reading this book is that this groundswell support for a Deaf president actually started long before the protests themselves; for example, a rally on the subject a few weeks before the decision drew over 2,000 wildly enthusiastic participants, and the movement managed to collect pre-decision letters urging for a Deaf president from an insanely bipartisan coalition of politicians, including no less a combination than George Bush and Jesse Jackson. So you can understand this group's despair and fury when, after the board of trustees made the unprecedented step of boiling the finalists down to two Deaf people and one hearing person, they indeed decided during a secret meeting to hire the one hearing finalist over the two Deaf ones, badly misreading the public mood on the subject and virtually ignoring the advice being given to them by nearly everyone involved; and how this community's fury simply grew when learning that every Deaf board member had voted unanimously for a Deaf candidate, but were overturned by the hearing board members because of being outnumbered 10 to 4, with all 10 of the hearing board members unanimously voting for the hearing candidate.

Did board chair Jane Spilman actually say during a closed meeting afterwards that “deaf people are not ready to function in a hearing world?” That's a matter for debate, as I learned from the book; but it's undeniable that she displayed such a naked plantation mentality in the years leading up to this week, she might as well have been standing on a veranda holding a whip. In two decades of being involved with an all-deaf university, not only did she never bother to learn sign language, she often wouldn't even provide an ASL interpreter when delivering speeches on campus; she had no deaf friends, had no deaf people on her staff, and refused to upgrade the president's house on campus to be deaf accessible (for example, by having the doorbell blink the lights as well as make a noise). So it should be no surprise that the campus erupted in indignant anger when the announcement of yet another hearing president was sneakily announced via paper press release at 9:00 at night, and by the next day the student population had barricaded the front gates of the school and was refusing to let anyone in. (The Gallaudet campus was established in the 1860s in a Washington neighborhood that has since gone on to be a dangerous one, which has necessitated the building of a high security fence around the entire school, which made it particularly easy to block access.)

You can read the Wikipedia page for a blow-by-blow look at the events that happened during the seven days of the protest; but the tldr version is that the protesters achieved all four of their demands (the resignation of Spilman; the hiring of a Deaf president; the restructuring of the board into 51 percent Deaf members; and no reprisals for anyone involved), virtually unheard of in the history of angry student protests. And the reason, as I think I've now demonstrated, is that this was way more than simply a student protest; it was a national rallying cry for all Deaf people in the entire United States, a moment when they could all stand as one and declare that it's time for the way they've traditionally been treated to finally end. To be frank, a lot of what made the protest successful (many of the board members admitted afterwards) was simply seeing how professional and accomplished the Deaf community was at organizing the protest in the first place — they managed to set up a bank of TTY phones and get hundreds of newspapers nationwide to do stories on the subject (most of whom then did related interviews with local deaf citizens, thus increasing the visibility of the community even more), managed to raise $30,000 in donations in a single week, managed to convince Ted Koppel to devote an entire episode of Nightline to the subject, managed to organize a rally on the steps of the Capitol that drew thousands of people. And all of this before the internet, mind you.

The very act of pulling off the protest was proof that the protesters had a valid point, many of the board members said after the fact; and it was at this point that other dominoes started quickly falling, including the Supreme Court ruling one year later that ASL is a legitimate language that is required to be recognized by American schools, courts and police, then one year after that the Americans With Disabilities Act being passed, which finally provided the same civil rights to the disabled that people of different races were afforded in the '60s. It was a 1-2-3 combo that forever changed not only the way the Deaf are treated in this country but the way the Deaf see themselves, to the point now in the late 2010s where ASL has become the second most popular foreign language for hearing people to learn in schools after Spanish, and Deaf characters now regularly populate mainstream movies, TV shows, and Broadway plays. We now take it for granted that Deaf people have the same range of low- to high-intelligence as the rest of the population, because now that ASL has become the default communication of the Deaf population, they can finally prove it; and this goes double for Deaf schools, nearly all of which now require their teachers and other staffers to pass an annual ASL competency exam, and are nearly all now led by Deaf C-level corporate professionals.

It's a humbling and inspirational story that makes me cry every time I read about it, and something so important to the Deaf community that all of us owe it to ourselves to at least understand its basics. For literally centuries, the Deaf in the United States were treated in such a shameful, criminally negligent way that it makes one's jaw drop to hear about it now. The more all of us can understand what has transpired in the past, the more we can ensure that it will never happen again.

The Complete ASL Saga of Jason Pettus 4/23: It's been harder than I thought it would be to find good sign language partners. 4/19: Book review: A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles, by William Stokoe 4/15: ASL Adventures: “Game of Thrones” night at Deaf Planet Soul. 4/14: Book review: Inside Deaf Culture, by Carol Padden and Tom Humphries 4/8: ASL Adventures: The Chicago Inclusive Dance Festival, and my first “signing in the wild.” 4/4: Book review: The Mask of Benevolence, by Harlan Lane 4/4: Book review: Train Go Sorry, by Leah Hager Cohen 4/3: He speaks! He speaks! ...Er, he signs! He signs! 4/1: Book review: Seeing Voices, by Oliver Sacks

3/31: Book review: The Other Side of Silence, by Arden Neisser 3/28: Those sexy deaf teens sure are courageous! 3/27: Book review: Shouting Won't Help, by Katherine Bouton 3/25: Book review: Deaf in America: Voices From a Culture, by Carol Padden and Tom Humphries 3/22: Book review: A Deaf Adult Speaks Out, by Leo Jacobs 3/22: Book review: Don't Just Sign...Communicate!, by Michelle Jay

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#asl #signlanguage #lifeprint #startasl #fingerspelling #ASLInstitute #ColumbiaCollege #chicago #Deaf #community #culture #history #ToiletWhere #oralism #AlexanderGrahamBell #LipReadingMyth #Gallaudet #DeafPresidentNow #LateDeafenedAdult #Hogwarts #Magic

[Need to get caught up on my saga this year of learning American Sign Language (ASL) and getting involved with Chicago's Deaf community? The full list of links is at the bottom of the page.]

So after a month now of self-studying ASL at home through two different websites (Lifeprint.com and StartASL.com), and building up a decent but not impressive vocabulary list (around 700 terms at this point, plus I can fingerspell at a rate of around two letters per second), the time finally came last night for me to go out into the world and interact with other signers for the very first time. And that's because it was time for the ASL Institute, a six-week series of conversation workshops sponsored by Columbia College here in Chicago, and taught by their award-winning Deaf Studies faculty as part of their nationally admired academic program.

There's a ton of undergraduates all over the Midwest who come to Columbia to study ASL; but apparently the school discovered that there are also a ton of people like me in the general community who want to learn ASL too, but who don't want to make the financial or time commitment of full-time enrollment. So they now offer this $100 workshop that meets once a week in the evening for six weeks, actually a series of three workshops that last 18 weeks if you go through the whole thing, and which very roughly correspond with the ASL 1, 2 and 3 classes the school offers during the day as a sort of core curriculum for gaining conversational fluency. (For what it's worth, my online classes are structured under a three-semester 1, 2, 3 curriculum too, a fairly standard practice among groups that teach ASL.)

That's an important thing to understand about sign language, that like any foreign language, the key to becoming conversational is to throw yourself into actual conversations with actual humans as much as possible; so while I've been happy to discover that you can actually get a fairly decent education on ASL just through solo home study alone, I knew there would be something missing if I didn't challenge myself to get out into the real world as much as possible too, which is why I signed up for these workshops. Plus, as regular readers know, the whole goal of me learning ASL in the first place is not as some academic experiment, but because I plan on transitioning my social life into the Deaf community more and more as I get older, and continue losing more and more of my hearing; so I figured that a fairly safe way of gently entering this community would be by starting with people who professionally teach the hearing how to sign in the first place, and becoming friends with those people first before then slowly branching out into the city at large.

After all, a very real fear of mine — and something that should be a legitimate concern for any hearing person learning ASL — is throwing myself into the local Deaf community too early, making a jackass out of myself, and alienating everyone involved before I've ever had a chance to make any friends. Like any population of native speakers, no matter what the language, most Deaf people will be bemusedly tolerant of someone like me who's just starting to learn the language, but will quickly grow annoyed with my fumbling attempts interfering with their desire to simply talk with their friends at a normal pace. (“So I was at Tom's party, and you'll never guess what happened...” “Me go now toilet! Where toilet where? TOILET WHERE???” “[Sigh] Anyway, like I was saying...“)

And now add to this the special situation when it comes to the Deaf community and ASL, which for those who don't know was a language that was quite literally outlawed among most Deaf schools all the way from the 1880s to 1980s, when a noble but heartbreakingly misguided competing theory about language called “oralism” instead became the new norm. Championed most notably by telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell (spoiler alert: don't bring up his name at a party full of Deaf people), and aggressively pushed by the same repressive Victorian Christians who also banned Welsh in the same time period, it was basically a two-pronged attack against sign language: the first argument being that it's better for the deaf to learn how to speak and read lips, because this helps them integrate back into “normal” society better than learning their own special language that no hearing person understands; and the second argument being that ASL is not actually a language at all, but rather a series of crude pantomimes that is unable to express abstract concepts like the future and past or philosophical thoughts, something that will never be able to hold a candle to the rich and sophisticated possibilities of English. And this is not to mention (the Christian oralists argued) that ASL is an abomination against God, since the Bible clearly states that the difference between humans and animals is our ability to speak, meaning that any Deaf person who refuses to do so is essentially spitting in God's face.

But there's one big problem with all this, which is that oralism simply doesn't work, or at least not the way that oralists used to claim that it does; for while functionally Deaf people with some hearing can eventually after years of intense study come to speak and lip-read fairly well, a century of scholarly studies has proven over and over that even in the best-case scenario, the most adept lip-readers still only catch about 30 percent of a hearing person's conversation, the rest basically guessed at through context, gestures and facial expressions. And that's best case; for most people who can't hear, reading lips is a complete disaster that never works, which then in the repressive 20th century got these people labeled by their hearing caretakers as mentally challenged, and relegated to remedial classes and then factory or farm work for the rest of their life. This is how we got the outdated and now shameful term “deaf and dumb,” because for a long time it was just assumed by the hearing world that most people who were deaf were also “mentally retarded” (another outdated term I'm deliberately using here to prove a point about its awfulness), and that the few who thrived at oralism were the rare genius exceptions that proved the rule.

As recently as the 1980s — i.e., as recently as me and my peers already being in college — it was still quite common for Deaf elementary schools to literally tie their childrens' hands behind their backs during class, so to force them through tear-filled eyes to practice the largely useless oralism instead of signing to each other; and so this led to ASL becoming a secret, contraband language that the Deaf used with each other only when no hearing people were around, an underground railroad of communication that tightened and solidified the insular intimacy of their community. So yes, when you're a hearing person in the 2010s learning ASL yourself, you drag this entire luggage rack of baggage behind you wherever you go, which is why so many in the Deaf community are suspicious of you when you show up to “their” events and try to speak “their” language and fumble around and get “their” words wrong. You can complain about it if you want, but that won't do anything about getting rid of that century-old luggage rack of baggage you unconsciously drag behind you at all times; so it's better to simply acknowledge the luggage rack and try to be as empathetic as you can about learning ASL, for example by paying Deaf teachers to gently and slowly tutor you into fluency, instead of just showing up to a Deaf dinner party one night and start barging around yelling, “ME GO NOW TOILET!!!”

My instructor for the next six weeks is A., who surprisingly turns out to be a graduate of the prestigious Gallaudet University, a school with a fascinating history: first authorized by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War in the 1860s, to this day it still remains the one and only accredited four-year liberal-arts college in the US to cater exclusively to Deaf students, and it was the 1988 student protests there over the lack of a Deaf president that kickstarted the modern Deaf Pride movement, “Stonewall”-style, which makes me feel lucky to have an instructor who comes out of that environment. But man, am I glad I decided to start studying ASL on my own for a month before showing up, because she just threw us into the heat of things with no warning — after repeating the fingerspelling alphabet just three times, she was already spelling out entire words in class and expecting us to comprehend, and literally covered close to 50 ASL terms in two hours, which would've had me dumbfounded if I hadn't already practiced most of them at home over and over and over for the last four weeks.

This is something I first learned when attending a computer coding bootcamp back in 2015, neither a good nor bad thing on its own but simply an objective fact that exists — that in late middle-age, my brain simply can no longer operate at the same speed as someone in their twenties (the age group that constitutes most of the other 30 people in my workshop, who seem to mostly be undergraduates taking this evening course for extra credit), and that I have to work harder and longer than everyone else if I expect to keep up at their pace. And in this I take inspiration from the Deaf community itself, as often expressed in the Disney Family television show Switched at Birth I became an obsessive fan of earlier this year (but see my blog entry specifically on that subject for more); how at one point in the show's run, the main Deaf character Daphne decides to major in pre-med at college, gets frustrated by a series of hurdles that develop around her (technical terms with no equivalent signs, surgeons wearing masks that cover their lips, doctors who dismissively scoff at the very idea of her interning for them), and is reminded by her peers and family that if she wants to do something ambitious like that, she simply has to work harder at it than hearing people, and that there's no point whining about it because complaining won't change the situation. It's a powerful example of why Deaf people hate being referred to in victim terms like “disabled” or “handicapped;” they don't see themselves that way, no more than we would consider a person with high blood pressure to be “disabled,” but rather as someone with a bodily imperfection that can be easily compensated for through intelligence (less salt), discipline (daily exercise), and community involvement (convincing restaurants to offer heart-healthy menu items).

I'm what's known in the community as a “late-deafened adult” (LDA) in that I grew up as a hearing person, think in the word order and grammar of English, and see my hearing loss as something “being taken away from me,” with all the resulting emotional grieving that that statement implies. In addition to studying the Deaf community, I've been doing a little bit of studying about the LDA community in the last month too, and have quickly come to learn that most late-deafened adults never successfully learn ASL or transition into the Deaf community; they simply count out the clock in their old age within a world that becomes increasingly narrower and lonelier, unable to make new friends and with it increasingly difficult to communicate with their old ones. I'm determined that this will not be my fate, because the very thought depresses me to a point of despair; but that means I simply have to want it more than the people around me, have to put in the extra work, have to put in the extra time, have to practice four hours a day like I've been doing this month, have to burn through a book every day or two like I've been doing this month.

The workshop itself last night mostly consisted of A. instructing us through Powerpoint slides and demonstrations of individual terms, which we basically practiced as a group without actually having any conversations; but still, I was determined to have at least one back-and-forth talk with someone before I left, so I approached her after class. “Excuse me,” I started in sign. “I wanted to say hello and thank you.”

“Oh, you're welcome,” A. replied.

“For a month I've been self-studying at home online,” I continued. “But this here is my first time chatting people. Or, er,” I corrected, “chatting with people.”

“That's great,” she said. “You're good! You said you're hard of hearing?” (This came up earlier in the evening, when she played a DVD and I had to request that she turn on the closed-captioning.)

“Yes,” I confirmed. “I have a hearing aid, but my hearing is decreasing each year. This ear” — I pointed to the left one — “surgery, year 2000. This ear” — pointing to the right — “Too much music when younger.” I paused, then spelled out “P-U-N-K,” and we both laughed.

“Okay,” I concluded. “I see you...L-A-T-E-R?”

“Later,” she showed me in sign.

“Great. Later!”

And there it was — the first-ever ASL conversation I've had in my life. And I have to admit, it felt like freaking magic, like I was a Hogwarts student and had just successfully performed an Expelliarmus spell for the very first time. The moment I got done with my first-ever ASL conversation, the thing I most wanted to do was immediately have another ASL conversation, which made me profoundly appreciate the stories in these Deaf culture books I've been reading this month (especially the ones written in the 1970s and '80s), relaying the stories of Deaf kids who grew up without knowing that ASL even existed, and how they went through a lightning-fast explosion of intellectual curiosity the moment as adolescents that they learned how to sign. That's simultaneously the most heartbreaking and the most uplifting thing of all about the shameful history of forced oralism in the 20th century; when so-called “dumb,” so-called “retarded” Deaf kids were finally allowed to learn ASL, most of them blossomed within literally months from a remedial learning level to above-average, yet this wasn't seen by their hearing caretakers as proof that everyone should learn sign, but rather they were considered “rare miracles” that merely proved that not every single deaf person was fated to be a janitor or a maid.

At the age of 50, I'm starting to get a taste of what this so-called “miracle” must've felt like; and I have to admit, I want more. EXPECTO PATRONUS!

The Complete ASL Saga of Jason Pettus

4/1: Book review: Seeing Voices, by Oliver Sacks 3/31: Book review: The Other Side of Silence, by Arden Neisser 3/28: Those sexy deaf teens sure are courageous! 3/27: Book review: Shouting Won't Help, by Katherine Bouton 3/25: Book review: Deaf in America: Voices From a Culture, by Carol Padden and Tom Humphries 3/22: Book review: A Deaf Adult Speaks Out, by Leo Jacobs 3/22: Book review: Don't Just Sign...Communicate!, by Michelle Jay

Receive an email every Friday with the latest announcements of new blog entries, new photos at Flickr and Instagram, new book and movie reviews at Goodreads and Letterboxd, new rare books at eBay, new handmade notebooks at Etsy, and the most interesting Twitter news links of the week, by signing up at bit.ly/ILoveYouRobot.