APPENDIX: Equivalents, Substitutions, & Terms
Equivalents
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| If a Recipe Calls for This Amount | You Also Can Measure It This Way |
|---|---|
| 1 tablespoon | 3 teaspoons or ½ ounce |
| 2 tablespoons | 1 ounce |
| ¼ cup | 4 tablespoons or 2 ounces |
| 1/3 cup | 5 tablespoons plus 1 teaspoon |
| ½ cup | 8 tablespoons or 4 ounces |
| 1 cup | 16 tablespoons or 8 ounces |
| 1 pint | 2 cups or 16 ounces or 1 pound |
| 1 quart | 4 cups or 2 pints |
| 1 gallon | 4 quarts |
| 1 pound | 16 ounces |
Substitutions Use landscape orientation on mobile
Jump to Equivalents | Terms
| Ingredient | Amount | Substitution |
|---|---|---|
| Allspice | 1 teaspoon | ½ teaspoon cinnamon, ¼ teaspoon ginger, and ¼ teaspoon cloves |
| Baking mix | 1 cup | 1 cup pancake mix OR 1 cup Biscuit Mixture |
| Baking powder | 1 teaspoon | ¼ teaspoon baking soda plus ½ teaspoon cream of tartar OR 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus ½ cup buttermilk (decrease liquid in recipe by ½ cup) |
| Brandy | ¼ cup | 1 teaspoon imitation brandy extract plus enough water to make ¼ cup |
| Bread crumbs | 1 cup | 1 cup cracker crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats |
| Broth: beef or chicken | 1 cup | 1 bouillon cube plus 1 cup boiling water OR 1 tablespoon soy sauce plus enough water to make 1 cup OR 1 cup vegetable broth |
| Brown sugar | 1 cup, packed | 1 cup white sugar plus ¼ cup molasses and decrease the liquid in recipe by ¼ cup OR 1 cup white sugar OR 1 ¼ cups confectioners' sugar |
| Buttermilk | 1 cup | 1 cup yogurt OR 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup |
| Cheddar cheese | 1 cup shredded | 1 cup shredded Colby cheddar OR 1 cup shredded Monterey Jack cheese |
| Chocolate(semisweet) | 1 ounce | 1 (1-ounce) square of unsweetened chocolate plus 4 teaspoons sugar OR 1 ounce semisweet chocolate chips plus 1 teaspoon shortening |
| Chocolate (unsweetened) | 1 ounce | 3 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa plus 1 tablespoon shortening or vegetable oil |
| Cocoa | ¼ cup | 1 (1-ounce) square unsweetened chocolate |
| Condensed cream of mushroom soup | 1 (10.75-ounce) can | 1 (10.75-ounce) can condensed cream of celery, cream of chicken, OR golden mushroom soup |
| Corn syrup | 1 cup | 1 ¼ cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup honey OR 1 cup light treacle syrup |
| Cracker crumbs | 1 cup | 1 cup bread crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats |
| Cream (half and half) | 1 cup | 7/8 cup milk plus 1 tablespoon butter |
| Cream (heavy) | 1 cup | 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter |
| Cream (light) | 1 cup | 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 3 tablespoons butter |
| Cream (whipped) | 1 cup | 1 cup frozen whipped topping, thawed |
| Cream cheese | 1 cup | 1 cup pureed cottage cheese OR 1 cup plain yogurt, strained overnight in a cheesecloth |
| Cream of tartar | 1 teaspoon | 2 teaspoons lemon juice or vinegar |
| Egg | 1 whole (3 tablespoons or 1.7 oz) | 2 ½ tablespoons of powdered egg substitute plus 2 ½ tablespoons water OR¼ cup liquid egg substitute OR 1/4 cup silken tofu pureed OR 3 tablespoons mayonnaise OR half a banana mashed with ½ teaspoon baking powder OR 1 tablespoon powdered flax seed soaked in 3 tablespoons water |
| Evaporated milk | 1 cup | 1 cup light cream |
| Fats for baking | 1 cup | 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree |
| Flour—Bread | 1 cup | 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 teaspoon wheat gluten (available at health food stores & some markets) |
| Flour—Cake | 1 cup | 1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 tablespoons |
| Flour—Self-Rising | 1 cup | 7/8 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder and ½ teaspoon of salt |
| Garlic | 1 clove | 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder OR 1/2 teaspoon granulated garlic OR 1/2 teaspoon garlic salt—reduce salt in recipe |
| Green onion | ½ cup , chopped | ½ cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped shallots |
| Herbs—fresh | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh | 1 teaspoon (chopped or whole leaf) dried herbs |
| Honey | 1 cup | 1 ¼ cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup corn syrup OR 1 cup light treacle syrup |
| Hot pepper sauce | 1 teaspoon | ¾ teaspoon cayenne pepper plus 1 teaspoon vinegar |
| Ketchup | 1 cup | 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1 teaspoon vinegar plus 1 tablespoon sugar |
| Lemon juice | 1 teaspoon | ½ teaspoon vinegar OR 1 teaspoon white wine OR 1 teaspoon lime juice |
| Lemon zest | 1 teaspoon | ½ teaspoon lemon extract OR 2 tablespoons lemon juice |
| Lime juice | 1 teaspoon | 1 teaspoon vinegar OR 1 teaspoon white wine OR 1 teaspoon lemon juice |
| Lime zest | 1 teaspoon | 1 teaspoon lemon zest |
| Mace | 1 teaspoon | 1 teaspoon nutmeg |
| Mayonnaise | 1 cup | 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup plain yogurt |
| Milk—whole | 1 cup | 1 cup soy milk OR 1 cup rice milk OR 1 cup water or juice OR 1/4 cup dry milk powder plus 1 cup water OR 2/3 cup evaporated milk plus 1/3 cup water |
| Mint—fresh | ¼ cup chopped | 1 tablespoon dried mint leaves |
| Molasses | 1 cup | Mix ¾ cup brown sugar and 1 teaspoon cream of tartar |
| Mustard—prepared | 1 tablespoon | Mix together 1 tablespoon dried mustard, 1 teaspoon water, 1 teaspoon vinegar and 1 teaspoon sugar |
| Onion | 1 cup, chopped | 1 cup chopped green onions OR 1 cup chopped shallots OR 1 cup chopped leeks OR 1/4 cup dried minced onion OR 1/4 cup onion powder |
| Orange juice | 1 tablespoon | 1 tablespoon other citrus juice |
| Orange zest | 1 tablespoon | ½ teaspoon orange extract OR 1 teaspoon lemon juice |
| Parmesan cheese | ½ cup, grated | ½ cup grated Asiago cheese OR 1/2 cup grated Romano cheese |
| Parsley | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh chervil OR 1 teaspoon dried parsley |
| Raisin | 1 cup | 1 cup dried currants OR 1 cup dried cranberries OR 1 cup chopped pitted prunes |
| Rice—white | 1 cup, cooked | 1 cup cooked barley OR 1 cup cooked bulgur OR 1 cup cooked brown or wild rice |
| Ricotta | 1 cup | 1 cup dry cottage cheese OR 1 cup silken tofu |
| Rum | 1 tablespoon | ½ teaspoon rum extract, plus enough water to make 1 tablespoon |
| Saffron | ¼ teaspoon | ¼ teaspoon turmeric |
| Semisweet chocolate chips | 1 cup | 1 cup chocolate candies OR 1 cup peanut butter or other flavored chips OR 1 cup chopped nuts OR 1 cup chopped dried fruit |
| Shallots, chopped | ½ cup | ½ cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped green onion |
| Sour cream | 1 cup | 1 cup plain yogurt OR 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough cream to make 1 cup OR 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 cup butter |
| Sour milk | 1 cup | 1 tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice mixed with milk to make 1 cup: Let stand 5 minutes to thicken |
| Soy sauce | ½ cup | 4 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce mixed with 1 tablespoon water |
| Stock—beef or chicken | 1 cup | 1 cube beef or chicken bouillon dissolved in 1 cup water |
| Sweetened condensed milk | 1 (14-ounce) can | ¾ cup white sugar mixed with ½ cup water and 1 1/8 cups dry powdered milk: Bring to a boil and cook, stirring frequently, until thickened, about 20 minutes |
| Vegetable oil—for baking | 1 cup | 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree |
| Vegetable oil—for frying | 1 cup | 1 cup lard OR 1 cup vegetable shortening |
| Vinegar | 1 teaspoon | 1 teaspoon lemon or lime juice OR 2 teaspoons white wine |
| Wine | 1 cup | 1 cup chicken or beef broth OR 1 cup fruit juice mixed with 2 teaspoons vinegar OR 1 cup water |
| Yeast-active dry | 1 (.25-ounce) package | 1 cake compressed yeast OR 2 ½ teaspoons active dry yeast OR 2 ½ teaspoons rapid rise yeast |
| Yogurt | 1 cup | 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup buttermilk OR 1 cup sour milk |
Terms
Jump to Equivalents | Substitutions
A
A La Mode – In the US, a food that is served with ice cream
All Purpose Flour – a powdery wheat or grain substance used in many aspects of cooking and baking
Artificial Vanilla – a man made substance used in baking to produce a natural vanilla flavor
B
Baker’s Dozen – Another term for long dozen, 13, or one more than a standard dozen
Batter – A measure of liquid, flour, and a number of other possible ingredients that are thin enough to pour
Beat – To combine multiple ingredients to which you combine air by stirring in a circular motion with a whisk, wooden spoon, food processor, or electric mixer
Blanch – To cook food partially by placing it in boiling water for a brief period, and immediately transferring it to cold water for cooling
Blend – To combine multiple ingredients until smooth using a spoon, whisk, rubber spatula, or an electric mixer
Boil – To heat a liquid (usually water) until it is hot enough that bubbles begin to appear
C
Caramelize – To heat sugar to a point where it melts and becomes brown
Cocoa Powder – A fine, brown powder made from crushed up cocoa (the bean that chocolate comes from), and used as a flavoring
Combine – To mix together two or more ingredients
Confectioners’ Sugar – Also referred to as powdered sugar, it is a refined sugar, finely ground into a white, easily dissolved powder
Cream – To beat multiple ingredients (usually butter, sugar, and eggs) until they are smooth and fluffy
D
Dash – A very small measurement, normally less than 1/8 teaspoon
Dice – To cut any given type of food into small cubes
Dolci – An Italian term that means a dish is sweet
Dough – A thick, soft mixture of liquids, flour, and any number of other ingredients
Dust – To sprinkle lightly with a topping such as flour, sugar, cocoa, or cinnamon
E
Elastic – When an ingredient such as dough returns to it's original shape after being stretched
F
Flour – A powdery substance made by milling wheat and other types of grains
Flute – To press a decorative pattern into the edge of a pastry
Fold-in – The process of combining a heavy ingredient, such as beaten egg whites, with a lighter ingredient, such as whipped cream, without losing any air in the ingredients
Frost – To coat baked goods such as cakes, and cookies in a sugar mixture
G
Glaze – To coat food with a liquid substance, such as thin icing
Grate – To shred food, either with the use of a food processor or a hand held grater
I
Icing – Another name for frosting, a sugary mixture used to cover cakes, cookies, and other foods
K
Knead – To push and fold dough until it has a smooth, elastic texture
L
Layer Cake – Multiple levels of cake with a filling such as frosting in between
Level – To make even and flat, for instance many recipes call for a cup of leveled flour
Lukewarm – The temperature (normally referring to a liquid) that is neither cold nor hot
M
Marble – The process of swirling two different ingredients together such as chocolate and vanilla cake batter
Measure – The quantity of any given item, common measurements in baking include cups, teaspoons, and tablespoons
Mix – To stir two or more ingredients together until they are thoroughly combined
P
Preheat – To heat an oven to a desired temperature before placing it in the oven to cook Proof – To allow the yeast in dough to cause it to rise before baking, or to dissolve yeast in a warm liquid until it becomes bubbly and starts to expand
R
Rolling Boil – To cook a liquid to the point where it appears to be rolling around the pot (faster than a normal boil)
Room Temperature – Another term for lukewarm, when an ingredient is neither hot nor cold
S
Score – To cut a slit into food with a knife
Sift – To remove lumps, blend, and aerate ingredients like baking powder, flour, and confectioners’ sugar
Steam – To cook food in a wire basket or on a rack over boiling water
Steep – To let food stand in very hot water to extract the flavor (this is how tea is prepared)
T
Tablespoon – a measure of volume or amount used in cooking, 1 Tablespoon = 3 Teaspoons Teaspoon – a measure of volume or amount used in cooking, 3 Teaspoons = 1 Tablespoon
Toss – To combine multiple ingredients using two utensils and a lifting motion
W
Whip – To beat rapidly and incorporate air into a mixture with a spoon, or electric mixer
Whisk – a utensil used in cooking, made of wire loops for beating and whipping ingredients
Z
Zest – The grated peel of a citrus fruit, such as lemons and oranges
Chapters: APPETIZERS, BEVERAGES, BREADS & CRACKERS, BREAKFAST DISHES , CAKES, PIES, & COBBLERS, CANDY & POPCORN, COOKIES, BARS, & BROWNIES, FROSTING & ICING, MAIN DISHES, MISCELLANEOUS, MIXES & BLENDS, MUFFINS & SCONES, SALADS, SAUCES & DIPS, SOUPS, STEWS, & CHILIS, VEGETABLES